Telos posed an insightful question on evolutionary theory
here. If evolutionary traits promote survival of the species, then how is symbiosis to be explained in evolutionary theory. Else, what is missing from the theory that might help in an explanation?
Our esteemed moderator
Talking Dog (td) suggested that although the theory is a method of adaptation to the environment, there is nothing in the theory about environment.
Here, I am interested in exploring the difference in interpretation of the problem between the realist and the relativist.
To the realist, the theory describes the world, and how a species got from picture A to picture B. How did a particular species come to be? How is a particular trait useful for the species? But this leads to a dilemma. Most traits are not evidently effective for survival: some are neutral, irrelevant, or even self-defeating. Symbiosis may be beneficial to the killer wasps whose larvae survive on cicadas, but not to the cicadas. Predators do not in general help the survival of their victim's species (although at times they do).
The relativist looks at evolution as a type of change, and the theory as the mechanism of that change, and nothing more. Evolution isn't going forward, nor does it help survival of any species. The key to the mechanism is in the difference in rate of change between the environment and in genetic variability. The environment is much slower! When environmental rate of change exceeds genetic variation, species die out.
This is the reason for every mass extinction in history, including the present ongoing one caused by human over-population trampling the planet. We are destroying the planetary environment faster than the natural rate of adaptation for most species.